Proposal

Proposal on
ENHANCEMENT OF ECONOMIC STATUS OF MAIZE FARMER UNDER CROP ROTATION OF LENTIL AND MAIZE WITH CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT
By Shree Krishna Adhikari 

ENHANCEMENT OF ECONOMIC STATUS OF MAIZE FARMER UNDER CROP ROTATION OF LENTIL AND MAIZE WITH CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT from Shree Krishna Adhikari

Proposal writing tips:

Many of us do not know how to write the proposal though we do have the many ideas and topics for the project. Due to inappropriate proposal format we have to be rejected so many times. So to get rid of such problem I have presented here some instruction about writing the proposal.

   Proposal Writing

Molecular and functional diversity of the maize genome

Sample of proposal on maize
Sample Proposal Maize Production

Sample of slidshow of proposal

A sample of slideshow of the proposal on maize.

Proposal Heavily Edted from Cephas Samwini

Conceptual Framework of Research Paper document sample

Conceptual Framework of Research Paper

Instruction for Scientific Research Proposal

Writing a Scientific Research Proposal
 

A research proposal has three main points:
1) Explanation of proposed research (what will be done)
2) Methods and techniques to be employed (how it will be done)
3) Novelty and/or importance of the study (why it should be done)

I. Title
This should provide a specific summary of the proposed work.

Example 1:
NO (too much detail)
A three-year study of population decline in the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculata) following logging,road building and wetland mitigation near vernal pools in a hardwood forest of northeastern Connecticut
 

YES
A study of population decline in the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculata) following logging in northeastern Connecticut
 

Example 2:
NO (not enough detail)
Habitat models for use in rivers

YES
Validation of in-stream habitat models for the Fenton River, Storrs, Connecticut

II. Abstract (one paragraph)
This is a brief description of the hypothesis and the goals of the experiment. It should indicate what questions you, as a researcher, will be seeking to answer. An abstract provides a summary that allows readers to quickly assess the basic premise of your proposal.

III. Introduction and Literature Review
You should begin with the basics of your research topic and then narrow the focus of those details that are especially pertinent to the proposed work. Present what is currently known by plant biologists, and how these discoveries were made. This is the place to show what is interesting and cutting-edge in the field that led to your research idea. You are laying the groundwork for your proposal with the material that you present. Use a plethora of sources especially primary sources such as journal articles, textbooks,  web sites (with great caution) and personal communications with professors can also be useful sources. Make sure to cite appropriately in the text (more to follow on citation). This is the heart of your assignment and will probably be the lengthiest piece of it. Your sentence structure should look something like this:
• “According to Thullen et al. (1999), nitrate removal rates were highest in those wetlands that contained a divers number of plants species.”
• “Within organisms cellular nitrogen generally exists as either ammonia-nitrogen or amino-nitrogen, which are the most reduced forms of nitrogen (Delwiche, 1981).”
Never leave your reader in doubt as to the source of your information! Cite thoroughly and cite properly.

***A note on sources, paraphrasing, and citations:
Unlike the style you might use in English expository writing, technical science writing is terse, clear cut, and lacking in artistic enhancements. When using information from a source avoid quoting directly. Read the piece, put the article down, and then put the important points into your own words. By setting the article aside you are allowing yourself to process the information, instead of just spitting the idea back out in a slightly altered sentence.
Citations tend to be (author, year). If you refer to the author in the sentence, immediately follow the name with (year).
(see examples above).

IV. Research Hypothesis

What is the hypothesis that you are testing? What are the questions that you seek to answer? Based on what is known in this field, explain what you expect to see and hope to show through your result? This is where you share your thoughts.

V. Material and Methods

Describe your proposed experiment in depth. What processes are you going to use? What kind of equipment and supplies will be necessary for the project? What will you use for a control, and what will be your replicate? Be thorough, but not excessive. It might be useful to construct an outline before completing this section, as this will give you an idea of what should be occurring when, and if your goals are attainable in the given time.

VI. Conclusion and Justification
Your literature review will have already helped to lead the reader to an understanding of why your topic is of importance. This is where you will explicitly state how your proposed research will advance knowledge. What are the far-reaching effects? Will your study potentially change practices or policies? Why is it that your research deserves funding?

VII. Bibliography
Include all the resources that were used in the writing of the paper. Follow your instructor’s guidelines for formatting, which will resemble the styles that your would find in a plant biology journal.
Example:
Caspar T, Huber SC, Somerville C (1985) Alternation in growth, photosynthesis, and respiration in a starchless mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) deficient in chloroplast phyosphoglucomutase activity. Plant Physio l79: 11-17

***A note on Voice:
There is no one format for voice in scientific writing. Active voice is usually encouraged (use of “I” or “We”), but in practice many writers switch between active and passive voice to keep the writing from becoming too repetitive.

Important Points to Remember
• An organized, well-written, concise, complete proposal = an easier to conduct experiment
• A good proposal is like a good sales pitch. In the world of graduate studies and scientific research a proposal is the means by which funding is secured.
• Good writing when paired with a thorough understanding of the subject matter is a valuable skill to possess.

References:
Hailman, JP, and KB Strier. 1997. Planning Proposing and Presenting Science Effectively: A Guide for Graduate Students and
Researchers in the Behavioral Sciences and Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 128pp
Pechenik, JA. 2004. A Short Guide to Writing About Biology. Pearson Education Inc., Boston, MA. 302pp
Smith, RV. 1990. Graduate Research: A Guide for Students in the Sciences. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 292pp

(.......Created by a UConn Writing Center Science Liaison)

Market Research proposal instruction

HOW TO: Write a market research proposal

Author: Jyotishman Goswami, marketing frontrunner-NCT at De Montfort University

A well-planned proposal will ensure you get the most out of your market research activity. Jyotishman Goswami, marketing frontrunner-NCT at De Montfort University provides 10 key steps to consider

Marketing research is vital in all businesses and it is important that a proposal is written before any formal research activity takes place. Businesses often find themselves in a challenging situation and need to find reliable answers to key questions in order to make the right decisions. The research proposal is a statement of intent and explains the purpose for the research to take place. Below are 10 key points to consider when structuring your proposal.

1. Title and keywords
The title of the proposed investigation should be clear, precise and accurate. A short main title outlining the area of the research may be followed by a secondary part of the title that includes more specific information.

Keywords are normally required to identify the content of the proposal. An average of four to six words should suffice.

2. Aims and objectives

The primary aim of the proposal is to identify the purpose of the research and the research questions/issues it attempts to address. You should provide a sequence of statements (normally between two and five) that gives an overview of what the research is trying

to achieve.

3. Background analysis

This section needs to justify the proposal with a brief account of the practical issues the research will address. It should attempt to demonstrate the importance of the proposed investigation in relation to specific problems, contexts etc. References of facts, figures, reports and authors will be useful.

4. Research hypothesis

This part should specify the exact questions to be investigated. This needs to be precise and should take the form of hypotheses or statements (normally between two and four). It should specify what indicators will be measured in order to address the broad issues identified within the aims and background sections.

5. Data collection

The data collection methods must be described succinctly. They should include a description of the data collection process and the strategy to be adopted (survey method or case study). If a survey method is used, then you should mention the geographic regions or demographic to be covered. Mention should be made of the sample frame and sampling technique utilised. Statistical knowledge helps and there are many books available on this topic. Careful attention needs to be paid in selecting the sample if it is to represent the demographic being investigated. The sample also needs to be determined based on confidence interval and confidence level. A useful tool to determine these is available at surveysystem.com (click on the research aids sample calculator).

6. Research methodology

The research methodology section should explain the key reasons for choosing the proposed methods. The research strategy and data collection methods should be discussed and evaluated, in terms of their suitability and their implications for the quality of the data to be collected. The benefits should also be compared to possible alternative approaches.

This section may also discuss the need for depth and breadth of information and the benefits of using qualitative or quantitative data, the likely validity of the data collected, the probability of the respondents providing honest responses and the reliability of the methods utilised.

7. Schedule of activity

This is an important section as the proposed research should be conducted within time and budgetary limits. The feasibility of the proposed research should be considered in relation to the availability of resources. An estimate needs to be provided in terms of total hours required for completion of the project – designing the questionnaire, planning, scheduling and conducting interviews, data analysis (qualitative/quantitative), and writing up the report (first draft/final draft). A Gantt chart may help to outline this plan.

8. Code of conduct

This section will articulate the way the researcher will comply with the spirit and practice of research ethics and will conduct their activities within the political/legal context within which the research will be conducted. Factors to address may include: confidentiality and anonymity statements, undertaking informed consent, authorisation for access to people and/or data and data security.

9. Research limitations

The researcher needs to acknowledge any limitations that may be inherent in the research design and to the extent it may affect the accuracy of the research findings. Examples could include: how far the findings can be generalised to the whole demographic/situation, restrictions arising from time and resources, and issues around objectivity.

10. Outcomes

The end-products likely to be produced as a result of the research activity are described in this section. The outcomes are not similar to findings. Examples would include: new practices, guidelines for good practice and recommendations.